Marine Science & Oceanography

Since the world ocean covers more than seventy percent of the planet's surface and has the average depth of  almost four kilometers, it should not be too surprising that the exchanges occurring there between the atmosphere and the ocean exert quite significant influences on the climate of Earth. The great variety within the ocean's expanses shall also be taken into account, including large differences in temperatures and huge biological diversity that is brought about by chemical diversity in the same environment.

The present publication has been compiled by a group of internationally recognized and experienced professionals in the field of marine chemistry, with the intention to offer readers a very authoritative and truly multi-disciplinary technical review of the subject topic. The content of the title also includes a thorough review of the existing challenges and opportunities connected with the development of the pharmaceutical from the sea water, together with the examination of pollution and contamination of the marine environment - this is actually considered one of the most serious threats.

The book shall be used worldwide and will be of great use to both students and professionals, engaging their further interest and close attention to the topics addressed within the publication. It is really an essential reading for them due to the expert and concise review provided.

The publication was released to present the ongoing trends in the scientific researches related to the underwater acoustic wave inverse/direct problems. We consider the "ocean-seabed" system an acoustic wave guide, and in fact this volume is the only one treating the inverse problems. The authors of the title treat the acoustic wave propagation for different seabed types and consider the direct/inverse problems in realistic environments of the ocean.

They have emphasized the computation of the Green's functions and have added some completely new material relating to the poro-elastic and elastic types of seabed. They have also addressed numerous areas of the practical interest mainly relating to the underwater acoustic imaging, covering the ecological cleanup and surveys, means of protection of the open-water harbours, proper maintenance of the offshore oil-and-gas enterprises, together with other relevant and important areas of concern. It shall be treated as an excellent math treatise.

The book will be very useful because of the information contained - note that the waveguide inversion problems are not actually addressed in too many reference books and this book is also intended to fill the gap in the information with this regard, with particular attention paid by the authors to the forward scattering problem.

For a long time and until now, there has been a serious need for the work that would systematically present the whole subject of the acoustic fish reconnaissance and detailing all the most important and major technical aspects of the application of the acoustic equipment in the field of commercial fish reconnaissance, and also offering readers sufficiently deep and thorough analysis of the actual effectiveness of the established fish-finding techniques.

The publication by K. Yudanov and I. Kalikhman was specifically worked out and released to respond to this need through provision of the required comprehensive overview of both theoretical and practical aspects of the acoustic detection and search, as well as the interpretation and estimation of the population, performed for commercial benefit. Particular and close attention has been paid by the authors to the accounting surveys for the quantitative estimation of relevant bio-resources and fishing conditions in the areas considered traditional for fishing activities.

They have also analyzed different applications of the acoustic technique on the basis of the extensive investigations carried out by themselves. The main content of the volume includes the results of the applicability of the various fish-finding tools, and useful recommendations on the improvement of the techniques in question.

The book provides readers with a good insight into the fundamental processes that regulate the marine carbon cycle. The content of the volume is offering a required background in chemical oceanography; in addition to that, it provides readers with the clear description of the way chemical elements contained in  sea water and sediments are actually used as tracers of various processes occurring in the oceans - and these processes are biological, geological, physical and chemical.

The chapters of the book are covering the basics of thermodynamics, carbonate chemistry, they provide the explanation of the influence of life on the chemistry of the ocean and how exactly it evolved in the past. There are some topics in the book that contain essential information for understanding the idea of the carbon cycle, including such important aspects as exchange of gas within the air-sea system, organic geo-chemistry, reaction kinetics, diffusion, and so many of other relevant matters. The title will be really ideal to serve as a textbook for all students in geo-chemistry, oceanography, marine science, environmental science and any other fields. It will also be useful for the professionals and scientists in the field and actually to any persons involved in the relevant researches. 

This interesting and rare monograph has been written by the recognized professional and experienced oceanologist; it was released with the sole intention to provide the today's industry with the correct results of the developments, as well as practical solutions worked out by the author in the course of formulating the major principles of ecological geography of the sea.

The first chapter of this monograph states the key methodological principles of visualization of ecological data for the dissemination between the users; this would result in the development of the geo-and-eco model of the sea basin. The second chapter of the document considers both ecological and geographic sides of math modeling f the marine eco-systems, together with the key features and capabilities of some relevant models. The other six chapters of the monograph have been dedicated to the history of formation of the hydrological structure, summer suffocation causes, potential impact the sea fish farms, self-purification from the pollution caused by oil spills, consequence of the various economic activities, etc.

The theoretical part of the book has been supplemented with numerous very informative examples illustrating it. The closing chapter of the monograph sheds some light on the major world problems associated with the exploitation of the marine resources.

The core part of this work has actually been developed based on the content of several interesting lectures and we would say it will be useful for students at all levels to serve as the set of supplementary appropriate materials related to geophysics of the sea ice together with the planetary boundary layers.

The polar geo-regions are currently undergoing quite unprecedented and fast changes, being the reason why it is considered so important to properly understand the current exchanges of momentum and heat-and-salt at the interface of ice-ocean.

The publication draws on the fundamental theoretical principles together with the results obtained during the extensively conducted observations to develop a concise yet thorough and informative description of the impacts that are caused by the stress, buoyancy plus rotation on the turbulence scales controlling the ocean-atmosphere exchanges in the iced ocean condition.

The authors have used several  valuable and truly unique observation data sets to better illustrate numerous important aspects of the interactions between ocean and ice. Definitely interesting and useful publication for any persons interested in oceanography, climate changes, environment protection and other relevant areas, from enthusiasts and students to experts.

The Baltic Sea is deservedly treated as a unique basin - it is relatively shallow and small, and should rather be looked at a series of separate basins connected to the Atlantic Ocean only by means of the Danish Straits. The water exchange through the above mentioned series of straits is quite limited, and as a result of the positive balance of the fresh water, the water mass of the Baltic Sea is brackish, with its mean salinity being about seven per cent — 1/5 of the salinity of normal ocean waters.

This elongated sea lies between maritime temperate and continental sub-Arctic climate zones. During the winter time, it is partly covered by ice, and at most severe winters it is completely frozen over. The variable coastal geo-morphology and the wide archipelago areas give the Baltic Sea its individual appearance. There are four major brackish water basins in the World Ocean, as further discussed in the book.

The mean depth of the Black Sea is about 1200 metres and, owing to the strong salinity stratification and extremely slow renewal of the deep water, the water masses below 200 m are anoxic... In short, the publication will be very useful for the people involved in oceanographic and other activities in the area because of the information included by the authors.

The ocean surface has been attracted the attention of people from the very beginning of our history. The breaking of the very large oceanic waves has a really hypnotic effect on human beings who are observing this truly magnificent phenomenon. These natural processes have always been the popular themes in painting, literature, and mosaic, and very few people managed to remain indifferent to this greatness of nature.

The publication is representing the comprehensive and understandable descriptions of various physical findings of the research done in the spatio-temporal characteristics of the waves gravity as well as of the foam activity in the open sea using the tools of microwave and optical sensing. The main emphasis has been placed by the author on the most important physical aspects of the breaking processes required to measure the limitations and possibilities of remote sensing instruments is some specific cases.

The author has also provided numerous informative illustrations from the experiments for better understanding of this complex phenomena. It shall be noted that the statistical characteristics of the ocean wave breaking and foam that is forming, are considered critically important to the dynamics of the ocean waves. An excellent study and valuable work on one of the most interesting topics in the field of marine science.